โรคโนเบล: ทําไมผู้ได้รับรางวัลโนเบลบางคนจึงยอมรับมุมมองต่อต้านวิทยาศาสตร์

While it remains unclear whether Nobel winners are statistically more prone to critical thinking errors than other scientists, the phenomenon provides an existence proof：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence_proof that being an authority in one field does not necessarily make one an authority in any other field, and, to the extent that winning a Nobel Prize serves as a proxy indicator of scientific brilliance and high general intelligence, such characteristics are not incompatible with irrationality. [ 8 ] ：#cite_note-Basterfield_2020-8 [ 6 ] ：#cite_note-:0-6

Nobel disease demonstrates that, for some prize winners, being universally hailed as correct appears to bolster the individual laureate's confirmation bias：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_bias more than it does their skepticism：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skepticism. [ 9 ] ：#cite_note-Diamandis-9 Milton Friedman：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedman, winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences in 1976, said this of the Nobel disease as it relates to his economic thinking towards an "antidote": [ 10 ] ：#cite_note-Two_lucky_people_:_memoirs_–_The_University_of_Chicago_Press_–_Milton_and_Rose_Friedman-10

I myself have been asked my opinion on everything from a cure for the common cold：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_cold to the market value of a letter signed by John F. Kennedy：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy. Needless to say the attention [from receiving a Nobel prize] is flattering, but also corrupting. Somehow we badly need an antidote for both the inflated attention granted a Nobel laureate in areas outside his competence and the inflated ego each of us is in danger of acquiring. My own field suggests one obvious antidote: competition through the establishment of many more awards. But a product that has been so successful is not easy to replace. Hence, I suspect that our inflated egos are safe for a good long time to come. [ 10 ] ：#cite_note-Two_lucky_people_:_memoirs_–_The_University_of_Chicago_Press_–_Milton_and_Rose_Friedman-10

Phillip Lenard：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Lenard won the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physics：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics for his work on cathode rays. He was a supporter of the Nazi party, and promoted the idea of Deutsche Physik and Jewish physics：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Physik. [ 8 ] ：#cite_note-Basterfield_2020-8

Alexis Carrel：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Carrel, winner of the 1912 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the invention of the perfusion pump：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfusion_pump, became an advocate of eugenic：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenic policies in Vichy France：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France. [ 8 ] ：#cite_note-Basterfield_2020-8

Charles Richet：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Richet won the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on anaphylaxis：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphylaxis. He also believed in extrasensory perception：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasensory_perception, paranormal activity：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal_activity, dowsing：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowsing, and ghosts：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost. [ 6 ] ：#cite_note-:0-6

Linus Pauling：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on chemical bonds：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bond and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962 for his peace activism. A decade before winning the first prize, he was diagnosed with Bright's disease：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bright, which he treated in part by ingesting vitamin supplements, which he claimed dramatically improved his condition. He later espoused taking high doses of vitamin C to reduce the likelihood and severity of experiencing the common cold. Pauling himself consumed amounts of vitamin C on a daily basis that were more than 120 times the recommended daily intake：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recommended_daily_intake. He further argued that megadoses of vitamin C have therapeutic value for treating schizophrenia：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia and for prolonging cancer patients' lives. These claims are not supported by the best available science. [ 8 ] ：#cite_note-Basterfield_2020-8 [ 1 ] ：#cite_note-Gorski1-1 [ 2 ] ：#cite_note-Gorski2-2

William Shockley：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shockley, who shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics with Walter Houser Brattain：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain and John Bardeen：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bardeen for their invention of the point-contact transistor：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-contact_transistor, believed in racialism：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racialism and eugenics：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics. [ 4 ] ：#cite_note-Winter_2011-4 [ 8 ] ：#cite_note-Basterfield_2020-8

James Watson：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson was awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, together with Francis Crick：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick and Maurice Wilkins：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins, "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material". Since at least 2000, Watson consistently and publicly claimed that black people are on average less intelligent than white people, and that exposure to sunlight in tropical regions and higher levels of melanin cause dark-skinned people to have a higher sex drive. [ 8 ] ：#cite_note-Basterfield_2020-8 [ 11 ] ：#cite_note-11 [ 12 ] ：#cite_note-12

Nikolaas Tinbergen：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen won the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries concerning the organization and elicitation of individual and social behavior patterns in animals. During his Nobel acceptance speech, Tinbergen promoted the widely discredited [ 13 ] ：#cite_note-13 "refrigerator mother：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator_mother" hypothesis of the causation of autism. In 1985, Tinbergen coauthored a book with his wife [ 14 ] ：#cite_note-14 that recommended the use of "holding therapy：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_therapy" for autism, a form of treatment that is empirically unsupported and that can be physically dangerous. [ 1 ] ：#cite_note-Gorski1-1 [ 8 ] ：#cite_note-Basterfield_2020-8

Brian Josephson：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Josephson won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 for his prediction of the Josephson effect：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephson_effect. Josephson has promoted a number of scientifically unsupported or discredited beliefs, including the homeopathic：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathic notion that water can somehow "remember" the chemical properties of substances diluted within it (cf. § Luc Montagnier：#Luc_Montagnier); the view that transcendental meditation：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_meditation is helpful for bringing unconscious traumatic memories into conscious awareness; and the possibility that humans can communicate with each other by telepathy：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telepathy. [ 8 ] ：#cite_note-Basterfield_2020-8

Kary Mullis：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kary_Mullis won the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry for development of the polymerase chain reaction：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction. Mullis disagreed with the scientifically accepted view：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism that AIDS：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS is caused by HIV：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV, claiming that the virus is barely detectable in people with the disease. He also expressed doubt in the evidence for human-caused climate change：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change. In his autobiography, Mullis professed a belief in astrology：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology and wrote about an encounter with a fluorescent, talking raccoon that he suggested might have been an extraterrestrial alien：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_alien. [ 4 ] ：#cite_note-Winter_2011-4 [ 8 ] ：#cite_note-Basterfield_2020-8